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With centuries of buildup above, archaeologists were not hopeful that anything from the First Parliament buildings survived below. In 2000, they dug down, layer by layer, until they passed the remains of the jail. Then, to everyone’s surprise, they found what they were looking for: evidence of Ontario’s cradle of democracy.

Indigenous people have lived on this land for over 13,000 years. Today, this land continues to be home to these communities and many other diverse Indigenous Peoples.

Archaeologists began their excavations at the First Parliament site in the fall of 2000. The project was focused on finding the remains of the First Parliament buildings. In the 200 years since the buildings were constructed, the city has changed dramatically. With centuries of urban buildup, the archaeologists were not sure there would be anything left.

Artifacts and structures together form the physical history of past and present societies. By examining it all, we can better understand where and how people from the past lived. Excavations can tell us many things that books and records simply cannot.

One of the most exciting parts of working on an excavation site is uncovering artifacts. Archaeologists rarely find objects intact. But even fragments of the past can be thrilling discoveries. The smallest sherds can tell us a lot about how people used the site and give us a glimpse into their lives.

The site of First Parliament played an important role in the history of Toronto and the province of Ontario. Fort York and First Parliament bookend the early city. These were the first two centres of colonial activity: military and administrative. It was a key part of the settlement’s foundation, establishing York as a political centre.

Walking by the intersection of Front and Parliament streets in the heart of Toronto, you might not realize the history beneath your feet.